<div dir="ltr">Thanks, Mike. <div><br></div><div>This is an interesting example. From my days studying US energy policy long ago, I have hazy recollections that go something like this: if US power plants made major upgrades, they had to comply with tougher air pollution regulations, but if they only made minor upgrades and did "maintenance," they didn't. So plant managers would change just enough to stay under that bar, but after so many years they'd still have a significantly new plant. </div><div><br></div><div>It raises the question of when change is counted as such and when it is counted as "maintenance" and why. And the broader issue is the relationship between regulation and maintenance/innovation, which is a topic that fascinates me endlessly. </div><div><br></div><div>Thanks again for sending this to the list. </div><div><br></div><div>Lee</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Feb 4, 2019 at 6:38 PM Roy, Michael D. <<a href="mailto:mdroy@middlebury.edu">mdroy@middlebury.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">In the NYTimes was a story of how innovation can be masked as<br>
maintenance in order to save money. In this case, the results were<br>
tragic. In "Behind the Lion Air Crash, a Trail of Decisions Kept<br>
Pilots in the Dark"<br>
(<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/world/asia/lion-air-plane-crash-pilots.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/world/asia/lion-air-plane-crash-pilots.html</a><br>
) the reporters James Glanz, Julie Creswell, Thomas Kaplan and Zach<br>
Wichter detail how Boeing launched a new airplane with major changes<br>
to critical systems but convinced the FAA that this was just a minor<br>
'upgrade' that would not require expensive re-training of pilots. It<br>
is a well-reported story, with tons of geekery about the systems<br>
involved in keeping our airplanes afloat. Well worth reading to<br>
understand the interplay of commerce and regulation and national<br>
competitiveness. .<br>
<br>
Mike<br>
<br>
Mike Roy<br>
Dean of the Library<br>
Middlebury College<br>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div>Assistant Professor <br>Department of Science, Technology, and Society<br></div><div>Virginia Tech<br></div><div><a href="http://leevinsel.com" target="_blank">leevinsel.com</a><br>Twitter: @STS_News<br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>